Index  

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
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B = box; D = definition; F = figure; G = molecular graphic; S = structure; T = table. Page numbers with the designation “S-” refer to Special Topic Chapter 34.

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A band, 542, 542F, 550, 551F
Abbott, 524B
Abeles, Robert, 507
Abequose, 281
A kinase anchoring proteins (AKAP), 124
A site, 1099, 1105, 1112
ABP (filament), 547T
Absolute zero, temperature, 61
Aburamycin C, 226S
Abzymes, 457, 458S
Acanthifolicin, S-23B
Acceptor site (A site), 1094, 1095F
Acceptor stem, of tRNA, 386, 386S, 387
Accessory light-harvesting pigments, 714
Acetaldehyde, 631, 631F, 656B, 657B
Acetal(s), 221S, 221
Acetaminophen, 832F, 834B
Acetate, 231, 641S, 642, 946
Acetate units, 789
Acetic acid
  dielectric constant, 38T
  dissociation of 45, 47
  pKa, 47T
  titration curve for, 48F
Acetic anhydride, 73S
Acetoacetate, 798, 890, 891, 894, 896, 897, 942F
Acetoacetyl-CoA, 894, 942
Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, 798
Acetohydroxy acid synthase, 879
a-Acetolactate, 879
Acetolactate synthase, 587, 588F
Acetone, 798
  dielectric constant of, 38T
Acetyl-ACP, 808
Acetyl-CoA, 574, 576, 642, 643F, 648T, 644, 659, 663F, 666F, 667, 743, 746, 750, 751, 755, 781, 789, 793, 798, 799F, 799, 803, 805, 807F, 833, 890, 891, 894, 929, 941, 942F, 944, 946
Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, 798
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, 430T, 805, 806F, 807F, 808F, 816, 817
Acetyl-CoA synthetase, 650
Acetyl-coenzyme A. See Acetyl-CoA
Acetyl phosphate, 67T, 613
  hydrolysis of, 63F
Acetyl transacylase, 810
Acetyl transferase, 810
Acetylcholine, S-50, S-54F
Acetylcholine receptors, S-50, S-52
  muscarine, S-51, S-52F
  nicotine, S-51, S-52S, S-53F
Acetylcholine release, S-50
Acetylcholine transport protein, S-54
Acetylcholinesterase, 439T, 440T, 514, S-53, S-53F, S-55
N-Acetyl galactosamine, 284
N-Acetylgalactose, 279
N-Acetylglutamate-5-semialdehyde, 869
N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine, 232
N-Acetylglucosamine, (NAG), 279, 282, 526, 527, 527S, 529
N-Acetylglutamate, 869, 872
N-Acetylglutamate-5-phosphate, 869
a-Acetyl-a-hydroxybutyrate, 879
N-Acetyllysine, 87S
N-Acetylmannosamine, 220S
N-Acetylmuramic acid (NAM), 250, 279, 526
N-Acetylneuraminidate, 250S
N-Acetylornithine, 869
Acetylmuramic acid, 227
Acetylneuraminic acid, 227
Acetylphenylalanine methyl ester, 516S, 516
Acetylsalicylate, 832F
Acid-base catalysis, 511, 511F
Acid dissociation constants, 47T Acidic amino acid, 86
Acidic glycosphingolipids, 250
Acidosis, respiratory, 54
Acinar cell, 260G
Aconitase, 643F, 648T, 648, 648F, 650
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome. See AIDS
Acridine orange, 370, 371F, 978
Actinomycin D, 370, 371F
Acrosome reaction, S-40B
Acrylonitrile, 95F
ACTH, 149, 777, 848, S-27T, S-28
Actin, 121T, 124, 126, 147, 542, 543, 543F, 547T, 550F, 551B, 552, 553F, 554, 554B, 557, 558, 942
Actin gene, 1057
Actin-anchoring protein, 548B
Actin-associated proteins, 546
a-Actinin, 546F, 547T, 548F, 548B, S-19
aβ-Actinin, 546, 547T
a-Actinin, 546, 547T
Action potential, S-43, S-44F, S-45F
Activation domain, 1042
Activation energy, 70F, 501F
Activator gene, 967
Activator site, 1042
Active site, 428, 443, 462. See also
  Serine protease
Active transport, 297, 301, 683
Actomyosin complex, 551, 557
Acyl carrier protein, 593, 601, 803, 808
Acyl phosphate, 66
Acyladenylate intermediate, 782
Acylcarnitine, 782, 783, 783F
Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, 684F, 784, 785F, 786, 794
Acyl-CoA ligase, 781
Acyl-CoA oxidase, 796
Acyl-CoA synthetase, 781, 781F, 782F, 816
Acyl-CoA thioester, 782
Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferases, 840, 844F
Acylcysteine, 510, 510T
Acyldihydroxyacetone phosphate reductase, 821
Acyl-enzyme intermediate, 516, 516F, 520, 521F
Acyl-malonyl-ACP condensing enzyme, 810
Acyltransferase, 821, 822F
ADA–SCID 420B, 420
Adapter molecules, 1070
Adapter proteins, S-26B
Adenine, 329, 329F, 330, 339, 339T
  cleavage at, 360
  effect of on DNA density, 374, 375F
Adenine nucleotide, 383F, 588
Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT), 908
Adenocarcinoma, S-12T
Adenocard, 332B
Adenosine 3' monophosphate, 333F
Adenosine 3'5'-cyclic monophosphate. See cAMP
Adenosine, 331, 331F, 332B, 508F
3', 5'-Adenosine bisphosphate, 593
Adenosine 5'-diphosphate, 67T. See also ADP
Adenosine 5'-monophosphate, 69T. See also AMP
Adenosine 5'-triphosphate, 67T, 72F. See also ATP
Adenosine deaminase (ADA), 420B, 507, 911
Adenovirus, 127T
  gene delivery via, 422F
  vectors of, 421, 422F
Adenylate kinase, 183, 618, 674, 907, 938
Adenylic acid. See AMP
Adenylosuccinase, 904
Adenylosuccinate lyase, 904, 906F, 911, 912
Adenylosuccinate synthetase, 905, 906F, 906, 911, 912
Adenylyl cyclase, 478F, 478, 479, 560, 761, 1034, S-3, S-3F, S-5F, S-6F, S-10, S-55, S-60
  in fatty acid catabolism, 777, 777F
Adhesion molecules, 279
Adipocytes, 299T, 776, 944, 945B
Adipose cells, 776, 776F, 944
A-DNA, 366F, 366G, 367F, 367G, 367, 368, 368T, 370, 386
ADP, 334, 334F, 577, 860, 918, 920, 921
  effect of on isocitrate dehydrogenase, 667
  energy storage and, 938
  in glycolysis, 610
  regulation of nitrogen fixation and, 858, 859F
ADP-glucose, 757
ADP-ribosylation, S-7, S-8, S-8F
Adrenaline, 87, 88S, 776, S-50T
Adrenergic receptor, S-6, S-10, S-11F, S-60
b-Adrenergic receptor kinase (BARK), 467T, 1F
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 149, 777, 848, S-27T, S-28
Adriamycin, 308S
Advil^®, 832F
Aequorin, 92B
Aerobes, 570
Aerolysin K 138F, 317, 318G
Aeromonas hydrophila, 317, 318G
a-factor ATPase, 307, 308F
Affinity label, 447
Affinity purification, 128, 130T, 156
Agar, 234
Agaropectin, 234
Agarose, 153, 234, 235F
Agouron, 524B
AICAR, 890
AICAR transformylase, 904
AIDS, 205, 275, 522, 524B, 978
AIR carboxylase, 904
AIR synthetase, 904
AKAP 100, 125, 79
Akee tree, 786, 786B, 786F
Alanine, 9T, 84S, 197, 466B, 581F, 879, 891, 943, 943F
   pKa value of, 89T
  in proteins 143T, 173, 174F
β-Alanine, 51F, 87, 88S
Ala-tRNA, 387F, 1075F
Albumin, serum, 111T, 121T, 122
Albuterol, 561B
Alcaptonuria, 897
Alcohol, 213, 213F, 214F, 214
Alcohol dehydrogenase, 113, 114T, 120D, 120F, 121T, 127T, 201T, 430T, 452, 503T, 578F, 653, 656B, 946
Alcoholic fermentation, 631
Aldaric acid(s), 217
Aldehyde, 213, 213F, 214, 216, 217
Aldehyde dehydrogenase, 946
Aldehyde oxidase, 854
Alditol(s), 217
Aldohexose(s), 217
Aldolase, 201T, 510T, 734F, 735, 735T
Aldol-Claisen ester cleavage reaction, 798
Aldol condensation reaction, 177, 178F, 620, 620F
Aldol cross link, 178F
Aldonic acid, 217, 218F
Aldopentoses, 210, 211F
Aldose, 210, 211F
Aldosterone, 849, S-37, S-38S
Aldotetrose(s), 210, 211F
Alginates, 233
Alkali cations, 324T
Alkaline phosphatase, 201T
  catalysis of, 503, 503T
Alkalosis, respiratory, 54
1-Alkyl-2-acetyl-glycerophosphocholine, 826
Alkylating agents, 976
Alkyl cobalt, 597
Allantoins, 913
Allegra^®, 273B
Allelopathy, 315
Allergies, treating, 273B
Allopurinol, 913, 913S
Allose, 211F
Allosteric activators, 471
Allosteric behavior, of hemoglobin, 487
Allosteric effector site, 474F, 476, 477F
Allosteric enzymes, 442, 468, S-25
Allosteric inhibition, 363, 468, 469, 471, 472B, 473
All-trans-retinal, 252S
Alpha helix, 165F, 165, 166, 166F, 167B, 172, 181
  amino acids in, 197F
  antiparallel, 184, 185, 186F, 186
  in DNA major groove, 1048
  in spider webs, 175B
Alternating conformation model, 298
Alternative splicing, 1065
Altrose, 211F
AluI, 352
Alveoli, 194B
Amanita phalloides, 1024
a-Amanitin, 1024S
Amide dihydrate, 521, 521F
Amide linkage 108, 108F, 275
Amide plane, 109, 110F
Amino acid
  acid-base chemistry of, 88
  biosynthesis of, 865, 866F, 888B
  branched-chain, 879
  composition of, 114T, 132
  derivatives of, S-1
  degradation of, 890, 891F
  families of, 867T
  helix formation and, 167, 168T
  neurotransmitters and, S-50
  polarity of, 159
  in proteins, 143T
  residue of, 110D
  sequences, nature of, 113D, 116B, 142
  structure of, 82S
  TCA cycle intermediates and, 662F
Amino group reactions, 93F
Amino sugars, 220, 220S
Aminoacrylate, 892B
Aminoacyl adenylate, 1075
Aminoacyl-tRNA, 344, 345, 1040, 1070, 1090, 1095, 1099, 1101F, 1102, 1104B, 1112
  derivative of, 387
  binding of, 1100
  synthesis of, 1105
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, 1070, 1075, 1076, 1076F, 1077, 1077T, 1078F, 1079, 1086
a-Aminoadipate, 873F, 874, 894
Aminoadipic acid, 86, 87S
a-Aminoadipic-6-semialdehyde, 873F, 874
p-Aminobenzoic acid, 905
g-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), 87, 88S, S-41, S-41F
2 Amino-2,3-dimethylpentanoic acid, 98B
5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), 904
5-Aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (AIR), 904
2-Amino,6-oxy purine nucleoside monophosphate, 905
p-Aminophenyl-β-D-thiogalactosidase 415T
β Amino propionitrile, 178B
2-Aminopurine, 976
4-Aminopyridine, S-46S
Aminotransferase, 452, 458F, 867, 869B, 879, 946
Aminotriazole, 888B
Amitrole^®, 888B
Ammonia, 44T, 946
Ammonium, 112, 858, 859F, 872B
  assimilation of, 861, 861F
  oxidase, 127T
  titration curve of, 49F
Ammonotelic animals, 897
AMP, 333, 333F, 751, 752, 818, 902, 905, 935F, 938F
  as allosteric activator, 475F, 477F
  energy storage and, 938
  ligation and, 399
  pyruvate dehydrogenase and, 667
  synthesis of, 906F
  UV spectra of, 330F
AMPA, S-57, S-58F
AMP deaminase, 911, 912
Amphi-, 574D
Amphibolic intermediates, 574
Amphiphilic a-helix, 1122F, 1122
Amphipathy, 260, 319
  of helices, 181, 318
  of lipids, 238D
  of molecules, 39D, 40F
Ampholytes, 155
Ampicillin, 402F, 404F, 405F
Amplification of DNA, 396
amp^r, 402F, 404F, 405F
Amygdalin, 225S, 226
Amylase enzymes, 222, 229, 753, 753F
Amylopectin, 227S, 228, 753, 754
Amyloplasts, 228
Amylose, 227S, 228F, 231S
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 412B
Amytal, 698S, 698
Anabolic steroids, 849
Anabolism, 571, 574, 576, 576F, 928, 929F
Anaerobes, 570
Anaplerotic reactions, 663, 664F
Anchoring proteins, 124D
Androgens, 255, 849
Androstenedione, 257B
Anfinsen, Christian, 191, 196
Angel dust, S-57
Angina pectoris, S-31B
Angiotensin, 519
Anhydro-L-galactose, 234
Anion exchange resins, 103F
Anion transport system, 300
Annexin proteins, S-18
Anomers, 214, 331D
Anorexic agents, 945B
Anserine, 51F
Antagonists, S-54
Anthranilate synthase, 887, 1108F
Anthrax toxin protective antigen, 317
Anti conformation of nucleosides, 332
Antibiotics
  amphipathic, 318F
  ionophore, 321, 322S
  oligosaccharide, 226
Antibodies, 125, 969, 970F
  catalytic, 457S
  cDNA expression and, 414
  diversity in, 974
Anticodon, 387D, 388F
Anticodon loop, of tRNA, 386, 386F, 387, 387F, 388F, 1075
Antifreeze glycoproteins, 121T, 125, 286, 287S
Antigen, 457, 968
Antigenic determinants, 282
Antihistamine drugs, 273B
Antimycin A₁, 698S, 699
Antiparallel b-sheet, 169
Antiparallel chains, 232
Antiport, 311
Antiscorbutic(s), 600
Antisense drugs, 347B
Antisense strand, 1016B
2:3 Antiterminator, 1040
Antithrombin III, 235
Antp 1049F, 1049T, 1050, 1051F
a₁-antitrypsin, 194B
AP nuclease, 1011
AP1, 121T, 122
Apis mellifera, 319B
Apoenzyme, 431
Apoferritin, 201T
Apoprotein(s), 843T
Apoptosis, S-26B
Apurinic acid, 347, 978
ApyI, 352
Apyrimidinic site, 1011
Aquaspirillum serpens, 260F
araBAD operon, 1036, 1037F, 1038
Arabidopsis thaliana, 412B, 412T
Arabinans, 227
Arabinose, 211F, 213, 227, 1038
araC, 1036, 1037F, 1038
Arachidic acid, 239T, 240F, 240
Arachidonate, 829, 830F
Arachidonic acid, 239T, 585, 830, 831F, 834B
  synthesis of, 816, 817F
Arachidyl-CoA, 817
ara, 1037, 1038F
Archaebacteria, 23
Arginase, 85S, 160, 182, 430T, 867, 867T, 870, 871F, 872, 893
Arginine
  cleavage of, 515
  enzymatic analysis of, 134, 135F, 135, 137T
  in proteins, 143T
  in histones, 379
   pKa value of, 89T
Arginosuccinase, 871F, 872
Arginosuccinate synthase, 872
Arginyl-tRNA synthetase, 438T
Arginyl-tRNA^Arg, 1124F
Aristotle, 673
Armadillo, 1165B
aroH, 1039
Aromatic ring, 17T
Arreguin, 838B
Arrhenius equation, 433
ARS, 405
Arsenate, 624
Arthrobotrys conoides, 299T
Artificial chromosomes, yeast, 405
Ascorbic acid, 599, 599F, 600B
  in hydroxylation of proline, 176, 176F
Asialoglycoprotein receptor, 288, 289S
Asparagine, 284, 285S, 864S, 867T, 874, 892
  biosynthesis of, 875
   pKa value of, 89T
  in proteins, 143T
Asparagine-glycine bond cleavage, 136, 137T
Asparagine synthetase, 874
Aspartate, 160, 197, 738, 747, 872, 874, 892, S-50T
  biosynthesis of, 874F
  family of, 867T, 874
  neurotransmitters and, S-56
Aspartate aminotransferase, 430T, 438T
Aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase), 201, 201T, 914, 916
Aspartic acid, 84S, 135, 137T, 913, 914F
  in catalytic triad, 515
   pKa value of, 89T
  in proteins, 143T
Aspartic proteases, 519, 520, 520T, 521F
Aspartokinases, 875, 877T
Aspartyl phosphate, 303F, 304
Aspartyl-β-phosphate, 874
Aspartyl-prolyl bond cleavage, 136, 137T
β-Aspartyl-semialdehyde, 874
β-Aspartyl-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, 875
Aspirin, 832, 832F, 834B
Astrocytoma, S-12T
AsuII, 352
Asymmetric membranes, 265
Asymmetric molecule, 82
Athersclerosis, 255, 585, 585B
Atherosclerotic plaques, 178B
Atkinson, Daniel, 927
Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structures, 142
Atomic fluctuations, 182, 183T
ATP, 4S, 70, 72, 72S, 74F, 334, 334F, 335, 533, 572, 572F, 577, 582F, 640F, 641, 746, 747, 748, 761, 768, 771, 772F, 789, 888, 918, 928, 934B, 938, 939, _941
  actomysin complex and, 552
  in anabolism and catabolism, 929
  as allosteric inhibitor, 475, 475F
  coupling and, 930, 935, 936F, 937F
  cycle, 537F, 577, 577F
  in elongation, 1000
  energy storage and, 938
  exercise and, 943
  formation of, 939
  glucose and, 704, 705T, 759
  glutamine synthase regulation and, 862
  in glycolysis, 610
  in the heart, 944
  hydrolysis of, 301, 302F, 304, 534, 539, 542, 552, 554B, 933, 934B, 942
  isocitrate dehydrogenase and, 651, 667
  metabolism and, 931
  in nitrogen fixation, 856
  in photosynthesis, 712, 726
  outward movement of, 701, 701F
  pyrimidine synthesis and, 917
  stoichiometry of, 936
  succinyl-CoA synthetase reaction and, 653
  synthesis of, 272, 693, 694, 696F, 697F, 906
  in TCA cycle, 643F
  transport and, 301
ATP-ADP exchange protein, 305T
ATP-ADP translocase, 701
ATPase, 301, 307, 942, S-54
  myosin head and, 544
ATPase inhibitor, 304
ATP-citrate lyase, 662, 804
ATP:GS:adenylyl transferase, 863
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), S-30
Atropa belladonna, S-55
Atropine, S-54F, S-55
Attfield, P. A., 223
Audioradiography, 357, 358, 407, 408F
Aurintricarboxylic acid, 1113T
Autocoid, 332B
Autogenous regulation, 1039
Autonomously replicating sequence (ARS), 405
Autoregulation, 1039
Autosomes, 412B
Autotrophs, 570
AvaI, 352
Avery, Oswald, 951
Avian sarcoma virus, S-24
Avidin, 601B
AvrII, 352
Axial, 217
Axon, S-41, S-42F
  ion concentration in, S-42T
  myelinated, S-45F
  unmyelinated, S-45, S-45F
Axoneme, 536, 536F
Azaserine, 88S, 902, 904F
Azawai, 275B
Azide, 699
AZT, 524B, 1008S, 1009
 

B cell lymphocytes, 968
B₁₂. See also Vitamin B₁₂
  activation, 793B
  coenzyme, 792
B₁₂-catalyzed rearrangement, 792
Baa helix, S-20
Bacillus brevis, 324
Bacillus subtilis, 412T
Bacillus thuringiensis, 275B, 316, 317G
Bacteria, 953
  cell walls of, 279, 280S, 281F
  flagella of, 561, 561F, 562F
  plasma membrane of, 260
  sexuality of, 953F
Bacteriochlorophyll protein, 201T
Bacteriophage, 30, 282, 404F, 412T, 952F, 952, 953F
Bacteriophage l, 403F, 403
Bacteriophage fX174, 9T
Bacteriophage T4, 373, 374, 374F, 399
Bacteriorhodopsin, 116F, 266, 272, 301, 309, 309F, 697, 697F, S-10, S-28
Bactoprenol, 253S
Baculovirus, 413
“Bag of marbles” protein, S-37B
Baldwin, Ernest, 609
BalI, 35, 351
Baltimore, David, 1008
BamHI, 352, 353, 401F
  in rhodopsin gene synthesis, 385F
Bangham, Sir Alex, 262
Bangosomes, 262
Barbiturates, 698
Basal apparatus, 1026
Base excision, 1011
Base pairs 340F, 364F, 364, 372, 1084T
Base-specific cleavage method 357, 360
Basic amino acid, 86
Basic amphiphilic alpha helix (Baa helix), S-20
Batrachotoxin, S-46S
BclI, 352
BCA, 129B
BCh1, 723
B-DNA, 363, 365F, 366F, 366G, 367F, 367, 367G, 368T, 368, 386, 369F, 1048
Beadle, G. W., 580
Beake, Xenophoa A., 639
Bed volume, 153
Bee venom toxin, 121T, 125, 318, 319B
Behenic acid, 239T
Benzene, dielectric constant, 38T
Benzoate, 780, 780F
N-benzoyl adenine derivative, 383F, 384F
Benzoylalanine methyl ester, 516, 516S
Benzoyl chloride, 383F
Berg, Howard, 562, 562F
Bergstrom, Sune, 831
Beriberi, 588B
Berridge, Michael, S-17
BES, pKa, 52F
Beta array proteins, parallel, 186, 187F
Beta barrel, 186, 187F, 969, 970F
Beta bend. See Beta-turn
Beta bulge, 171, 171F
Beta pleated strand, 117F, 183
Beta sheet, 170, 173, 181
  amino acids in 197F
  antiparallel, 169, 184, 189, 189F, 190F
  in DNA major groove, 1048
  in globular proteins, 179
  mixed, 184, 186, 187F
  parallel, 169, 184, 186, 187F
  pleated, 168, 168F, 169F, 170, 172
  in spider webs, 175B
Beta turn, 170, 170F, 197F
Betaine, 87, 88S
BglII, 352
b_H heme, 688
Bicarbonate, 52, 53, 300, 872B
  in plasma, 53, 54
   pKa of, 47T, 52
Bicinchoninic acid, 129B
BICINE, pKa of, 52F
Bifunctional enzyme, 752
Bijvoet, J. M., 97B
Bile acids, 255, 256, 832, 846
Bile salts, 779, 779F, 846
Bimolecular reactions, 432
Binding change mechanism, 693
  for ATP synthesis, 695
Binding energy, 504, 504F
Binuclear center, 690, 691F
Biocytin, 587T, 600, 601S
BioGel P, 153
Bio-gel, 230
Biomolecules, 3, 6, 12
Bios, 601B
Biosynthetic processes, 661
Biot, Jean-Baptiste, 97B
Biotin, 415T, 430T, 587T, 600, 600S, 600T, 601B, 745, 745F, 805, 806F
Biotin carboxylase, 805
Biotin carboxyl carrier protein, 805
Biotin-lysine complexes, 587T
Bipolar affective disorder gene, 412B
Bird feathers, 173
Bisabolene, 252S
Bishop, Katherine, 606B
Bisphosphoglycerate, 75F
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate, 509, 310, 611F, 613, 614T, 623F, 624, 627T, 734F, 744, 745
2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate, 480, 488, 489F, 489S, 626, 626F, 627F, 628
Bisphosphoglycerate mutase, 626, 626F
2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate phosphatase, 626F
BIS-TRIS, pKa of, 52F
Bisubstrate mechanisms, 453
Bisubstrate reaction, 448F, 449F
b_L heme, 687
Blackburn, Elizabeth, 382B
Blacktongue, 590B
Bleach, pH of, 44T
Bleomycin A₂, 226, 226S
Blighia sapida, 786B
Bloch, Konrad, 223, 805, 838, 838B
Blood clotting, 464, 606, 606B
Blood coagulation Factor IX, 982
Blood pH and respiration, 54
Blood plasma lipoproteins, 126, 127T
Blood-brain barrier, S-59
Blotting, 410
Blue Ridge Mountains, 253B
Blunt end(s), 351
Blunt-ended DNA, 400F
Blunt end ligation, 399, 400F
Blythe, 592B
Boat conformation, 216, 216F
Boaz, 601B
Bohr effect, 488
Bohr, Christian, 488
Bohr, Niels, 488
Boiling point, 35, 41
Boltzmann’s constant, 61D
Bonaventura, Celia, 493B
Bonaventura, Joseph, 493B
Bonds
  covalent, 7
  hydrogen, 14, 15T, 16D, 16T
  ionic, 17F
  noncovalent, 14, 15T
Bone remodeling, 307
Bordetella pertussis, S-8
Boric acid, pH of, 44T
“Boss” gene, S-37B
Bovine intestinal Ca-binding proteins, 385F
Bovine luteinizing hormone, 288
Boyartchuk, Victor, 278B
Boyer, Herbert, 402
Boyer, oxygen exchange experiment, 696
Boyer, Paul, 693, 696
Bpheo, 723
Bradford assay, 129B
Bradykinin, 149, 829, S-13, S-27T
Brain, 941
Branched-chain amino acid, 879
Branch migration, 960, 965, 966
Branch point, 1063
Branch site, 1060, 1062F
Brandts, John F., 59, 62
Breast cancer, 538B
Bretscher, Mark, 266
“Bride of sevenless” gene, S-37B
Bromoaspirin, 834B
5-Bromo-4-chloro-indoxyl, 416
Bromocriptine, S-62B, S-63S
3-Bromopropylamine, 131, 132F
5-Bromouracil, 976
Bronchodilators, 561B
Brown fat, 944
Brown, Michael, 845
Bryant, Peter, 566
Bst, 352
Buchanan, John, 900
Buchner, Eduard, 579
Buffer, 50D, 50F
  bicarbonate, 52, 53
  histidine-based, 51
  phosphate, 51
Building blocks, 10D, 11F
“Bullwinkle” gene, S-37B
Bundle sheath cells, 738
a-Bungarotoxin, S-54F
Burkitt’s lymphoma, S-12T
Burst kinetics, 516
bZIP proteins, 1055, 1055F, 1056
 

C/EBP, 1054F, 1054
C genes, 972
C module, 196F
C protein, 546, 547T
C2, 196F
C₂H₂ class, 1052, 1053F
C3 plants, 738, 739
C-4 pathway, 738
C4 plants, 738
Ca²⁺-ATPase, 304, 305F, 305T, 306F, 307
CAAT box, 1043
“Cactus” gene, 740, S-37B
Cadmium, 1046T
Caenorhabditis elegans, 412T, 537
Caffeine, 476
Calbindin-9K, S-19
Calcineurin B, 275, S-19
Calciosomes, S-16
Calcitonin, 604, S-27T
Calcium, 542
  gap junctions and, 320
  homeostasis of, 604
  ion gradient of, 296
  muscle contraction and, 555, 555F, 942
  oscillations of, S-17, S-19F
  protein modulation and, S-18, S-19T
  as second messenger, S-16, S-16F
  transport of, 304
Calcium-binding proteins, 182, S-17
Calcium carbonate, 571B
Calcium channels, 555, 556F, 557, S-50
Calcium-induced-calcium release (CICR), 559, S-16, S-17F
Calcium pump, 555
Calf DNA, c_ot curve, 374, 374F
Calf thymus, 375F
Calmodulin, 180F, 181, 182, 560, S-18, S-19T, S-19, S-20F, S-20, S-21F, S-22
Caloric homeostasis, 940
Calorie, 58
Calorimeter, 58D, 58F
Calretinin, S-19
Caltractin, S-19
Calvin cycle, 733, 735T, 736F
Calvin, Melvin, 731
Calvin-Benson Cycle, 732, 734F
Calyculin A, S-23B
CAM plants, 740
Camels, 790F
cAMP, 299T, 334, 334F, 478F, 478, 479, 479F, 818, 1038, S-3, S-3F, S-4T, S-16, S-17, _S-25
cAMP-dependent protein kinase, 275, 466B, 467T, 468, 468F, 478F, 479, 752, 1034, 1035F, S-11
cAMP receptor protein (CRP), 1034, 1035F
cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), 1056B
cAMP-ribose synthase, S-4T
Campesterol, 256B
Camphene, 252S
Cancer, 278B, S-12B
Canonical base pairs, 340
Cap structure, 1059, 1059F
CAP, 1048. See also Catabolite activator protein
Capillary HPLC mixtures, 140
19S caps, 1125
Capsid, 30
Carbamate, 489
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, 870, 859, 871F, 914, 914F, 917
Carbamoyl-phosphate, 913, 914F
Carbohydrate(s), 209, 899
  use in exercises, 759
  metabolism and, 585, 585B
Carbon atoms, reduction of, 577F
Carbon dioxide, 11F
  in buffer systems, 52, 53
  fixation of, 709, 731, 736F, 738, 936, 937F
  as hemoglobin effector, 480, 488, 489F
  in TCA cycle, 653
Carbon monoxide, 699
Carbonic acid, 47T, 52, 53
Carbonic anhydrase 21F, 53, 170, 183, 430T, 438T, 439T, 440T, 489
Carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl hydrazone, 700, 700S
Carbonylphosphate, 745, 746F
Carboxin, 698
Carboxyaminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (SAICAR), 904
Carboxylaminoimidazole ribonucleotide (CAIR), 904
γ-Carboxyglutamic acid, 86, 87S
γ-Carboxyglutamyl residues, 606
2-carboxy,3-keto-arabinitol, 731
Carboxylate, 217
Carboxyl group reactions, 93F
Carboxypeptidase, 134, 464T
Cardiac glycosides, 303, 304S, 306B
Cardiolipin, 245S, 675, 820, 823, 824F
Cardiotonic steroids, 303
Carnauba wax, 251
Carnitine, 782
Carnitine acyltransferase, 782, 783F, 816
β-Carotene 8S, 251, 602, 603B, 715F
Carotenoids, 251, 714
Carp parvalbumin, 182
Cartilage matrix proteoglycan, 289, 292
Casein, 121T, 122, 127T
Caspase, S-26B
Castenada, Louis, 899
Catabolic pathways, 574, 576
Catabolism, 571, 575F, 576F, 928, 929F
Catabolite activator protein (CAP), 121T, 122, 188B, 1034, 1035, 1035F
Catalase, 121T, 127T, 430T, 439T, 440T
Catalysts, 434
Catalytic perfection, 439, 440T
Catalytic triad, 515, 515F, 517, 518F
Catecholamine(s), S-50, S-55
  neurotransmitters of, S-59, S-62B
Catecholaminergic neurons, S-62B
Catechol-O-methyl-transferase, S-62B
Catenated state, 1002F
Cathepsin, 519, 520T
Cation exchange resins, 102F
Catrocallastatin-C, 140F
CD45, S-30T
Cdc6p, 1003
Cdc7p, 1003
Cdc7p-Dbf4p, 1003
cDNA library, 408, 413, 414
CDP, 918, 920, 928
CDP-diacylglycerol, 821, 822F, 823, 824F
Cech, Thomas, 456, 1064
Cecropins, 318, 319G
Cell(s), 3, 11F, 12
  animal, 26F
  body of, S-41
  cycle, 1003F
  plant, 27F
  wall of, 24, 25T, 27F, 29T, 282
Cell adhesion molecules (CAM), S-30
Cell surface hydrolases, 279
Cellobiose, 222, 222S, 223
Cellulase, 29T, 231, 233S
Celluloid, 234B
Cellulose, 222, 228, 230, 231S, 232S, 586, 732
Cellulose acetates, 231
Central canal, of foot structure, 556F, 557
Centromeres, 405
Ceramide, 249, 249S, 250, 827F, 829, S-4T, _S-16
Ceramide-activated protein kinase, S-16
Cerebroside, 250, 250S, 829
Cesium, 324T
Cesium chloride, in centrifugation, 393
Cetyl alcohol, 251B
Cetyl palmitate, 251B
CF₁CF₀ATP synthase, 729
γCG module, 196F
cGMP, 334, 334F, S-4T, S-30
  synthesis of, S-31
cGMP-dependent protein kinase, 467T
Chain termination, 357, 358, 359F
Chair conformation, 216, 216F
Chang, Annie, 402
Changeux, Jean-Pierre, 469
Channel ionophores, 321F
Channel model for membrane transport, 321, 321F
Channeling, 887, 888F
Chapel, Loretto, 107
Chaperonins, 192, S-49
c-Ha-ras, 385F
Chargaff, Edwin, 339
Chargaff’s rules, 339, 339T
Charge, 297
Charged tRNA, 1040
Chart, metabolic, 22F
Charybdotoxin (CTX), S-49B
Chase, Martha, 952, 953F
Chelation, 1052, 1052D
Chemical kinetics, 431
Chemical mutagens, 976, 977F
Chemical potential difference, 297
Chemical shift, of NMR spectra, 100
Chemiosmotic coupling, 692
Chemiosmotic hypothesis, 693, 728
Chemotherapy, 308S
Chemotrophs, 66D, 570
Chesapeake hemoglobin, 148T
Chi site, 963
“Chickadee” gene, S-37B
Chien, Cheng-Ting, 417B
Chimera, 397
Chimeric constructs, 397
Chimeric plasmid, 397, 397F, 398F, 399, 402F, 403
Chiral centers, 210
Chiral molecule, 82
Chitin, 220, 228, 232, 233S, 279
Chloramphenicol, 88S, 415T, 1113T, 1114F
Chloramphenicol acetyl transferase, 415T
Chlorella, 581F, 731
Chloride, 299T, 300
Chloride ion, 309
  as hemoglobin effector, 488
Chlorophyll, 8S, 713, 714, 714F, 715, 716, 722, 796
Chloroplast, 27, 27F, 29T, 228, 710, 710F, 711F, 712F, 728
  dimensions of, 9T
  light induced changes in, 736, 736F
Cholate, 832
Cholecalciferol, 587T, 604, 605S
Cholecystokinin, S-50T
Cholera toxin, 125, S-7, S-8F
Cholesterol, 8S, 251, 254, 255S, 256B, 267, 820, 840, 840B, 846F, S-1
  biosynthesis of, 832, 838B, 839F
  levels in the body, 241B, 256B
Cholesterol ester transfer protein, 845
Cholic acid, 255S, 256, 846, 846F, 847
Choline, 248, 299T
Choline plasmalogen, 248, 248S
Cholinergic synapse, S-50, S-55
Choline sphingomyelin, 249
Cholinesterase, 442F
Chondrodendron, S-54F
Chondroitins, 236, 236S
Chondroitin sulfates, 36S, 289, 290F, 291F
Chorismate, 883
Chorismate mutase, 884
Chorismic acid, 883, 885F
Chou, Peter, 197
Chou-Fasman propensities, 198T
Chromatin, 379D, 379F, 380, 1043
Chromatography, 128
  affinity 156, 157F, 414
  of amino acids, 101, 102, 105F
  gel filtration, 153, 153F
  high performance liquid (HPLC), 140, _157
  HPLC, reversed-phase, 157
  hydrophobic interaction (HIC), 157, 129B
  immunoaffinity, 130
  ion exchange, 128
  molecular sieve, 130, 153, 153F
  oligo(dT)-cellulose, 408, 409F
  size exclusion in, 153, 153F
Chromogenic substrate, 416
Chromosome(s), 26, 126, 341, 338
  organization of 380
  pairing of, 959
  replication of, 988F
  structure of, 378, 381F
Chylomicrons, 778F, 779, 841F, 842
Chymosin, 519, 520T
Chymotrypsin, 111T, 118F, 134, 135F, 137T, 147, 438T, 439T, 464T, 464, 465F, 503T, 510T, 514, 515F, 516F, 519B
Chymotrypsin reaction, 518F
Chymotrypsinogen, 59, 63, 464T, 464, 465F, 514F
Cilia, 27, 534, 534F, 535
Cirrhosis, 946
Cis-retinal, in bacteriorhodopsin, 116F
Citrate, 619, 641, 641S, 642F, 643F, 644, 645F, 648T, 648F, 648, 663F, 669F, 804, 806, 935F
Citrate-malate-pyruvate shuttle, 804F
Citrate synthase, 180F, 181, 642, 643F, 648T, 645G, 665, 667, 924B
Citrate synthase reaction, 644, 645F, 655, 665
Citric acid cycle, 20F, 574, 584F, 619, 631, 705T. See also Tricarboxylic acid cycle
Citronellal, 252S
Citrulline, 87, 88S, 870, 871F
Citryl-CoA, 644, 645F
Citryllyl-AMP, 871F, 872
ClaI, 352
Claisen condensations, 784
Clamp loader, 995
Claritin^®, 273B
Clathrate structures, 39
Cleavage, nuclease, 397
Cloning, 396, 396D, 982
Cloning site, 396
Cloning vectors, 396, 397F, 402F, 403
Closed promoter complex, 1016
Closed system, 57D, 57F
Clostridium botulinum, 571, S-51
Clostripain, 135
Clotting factor, 607
Cloverleaf structure, of tRNA, 386, 386F,  388F
Clr, Cls, 196F
CMC, 261, 262F
CMP, 330F, 333, 333F
Coated pit(s), 845
Coated vesicle(s), 845
Cobalamin, 587T, 792
Cobratoxin, S-54, S-54F
Cocaine, S-62B, S-63S
Cocoon(s), 124
Codon(s), 387F, 387D, 1016B, 1070, 1073, 1074B, 1075
  multiple 1040
  nonsense, 1071, 1105
  stop, 1105
  usage, 1085, 1086T
Codon-anticodon pairing, 1083F, 1083, 1084
Coenzyme(s), 430, 586, 587T,899
Coenzyme A, 430T,587T, 593, 594B, 644, 645G, 646B, 762, 781, 808F, 808
Coenzyme Q, 253S, 654, 682F, 883. See also UQ
Coenzyme Q-cytochrome c reductase, 685, 686F
Cofactors, 430, 430T, 462
Cognate tRNA molecule(s), 1075, 1075D
Cognition, 1056B
Cohen, Stanley, 402
Cohesive end site, 403
Coiled coil(s), 181, 188, 172, 173, 545
Co-inducer(s), 1030, 1036
Colchicine, 308S, 538B
Colchicum autumnale, 538B
Coleoptera insects, 316
Colicin(s), 315, 316G, 1097
Collagen, 116F, 121T, 124, 173, 174, 176, 176F, 177F
Collagen-related disease(s), 178B
Collective motion(s), 182, 183T
Colligative properties, 41, 41D
Colony hybridization experiment, 407, 407F, 408F
Combinatorial exons, 1066
Combinatorial libraries, 406B
Committee on Food and Nutrition of the National Research Council, 592B
Compartments, cellular 12D, 27
Competitive inhibition, equations of, 443, 444F, 444T, 445, 445B
Complement, regulatory factor of, 292
Complementarity-determining regions, 969
Complementarity, structural, 6, 18D, 19F
Complementary double helix, 340
Compulsory substrate, 451
Computerized tomography, 262, 263G
Concanavalin A, 170, 189, 190F, 201, 201T, 202
Concentration gradient, 296, 297
Cone cells, 604
Configuration, 210, 212
Conformation, 3, 159
  protein, 119D
e-Conformation, 169
Conformational changes, 183, 183T
Conformational coupling, 693
Conjugate acid, base, 45D
Conjugated proteins, 126, 127T
Conjugation, 955
Connectin, 546, 550F
Connective tissue activating peptide, 385F
Consensus sequences, 1019, 1060T
Conservative model of DNA replication, 986, 986F
Constant nucleotide, in tRNA, 388F
Constant purine, 388F
Constant pyrimidine, 388F
Constitutive exons, 1065
Constitutive expression, 1031
Constitutive splicing, 1064
Contact inhibition, 284
Contractile proteins, 121T, 124D, 547T
Contrahelicase, 363, 363F, 863, 1001
Cooperative binding, 206, 469, 483, 484B
Cooperativity, 470
  of Hb, 496
  in substrate binding, 475
Copper, 129B
  protein bound, 680, 680F
CoQ. See UQ
Cordycepin, 1020, 1021S
Core polymerase, 1016, 1020
Co-repressors, 1030
Corey, Robert, 188B
Cori cycle, 749, 749F, 750B, 759
“Corkscrew” gene, S-37B
Corrin ring, 597
Corticosteroids, 849
Corticotropin, S-28
Cortisol, 256, 761, 762F, 849F, S-37, S-38S
Corynebacterium diptheriae, 1115
cos 403, 404F
Cosmid vectors, 403, 404F, 405F
c_ot curve, 373, 373F
Cotton, 231
Coumarin, 254B, 254S
Coupled processes, 65
Coupling coefficient, 932
Coupling constant, of NMR spectra, 100
Covalent bonds, 7T, 508
Covalent electrophilic catalysis, 509, 509F
Covalent intermediate, 509, 510T
Covalent modification, 463
Cowgill, S., 590B
CPS isozyme, 60S, 192, 870F
Crab, coral, 34
Crabgrass, 739
c-raf-1, S-9, S-9F
Craik, Charles, 517
Crambe abyssinica , 189
Crambin, 189, 191F, 191
Crassulaceae, 740
Creatine, 65, 451, 451S, 943F
Creatine kinase, 450, 546, 547T, 674
Creatine phosphate, 67T, 79, 451, 451S, 582F, 759
CREB-type transcription factors, 1056B
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 979B
Crick, Francis H., 188B, 327, 340, 984, 985F, 1014, 1015F, 1070, 1083
Crick strand, 340
Cristae, 675
Crixivan^®, 523F, 524B
Crk, 121T
Cro, 1048, 1049F
434 Cro, 1049F, 1049T
Cross bridges, myosin molecules and, 542
Cross links, 177
Cross-overs, 183
Crotalus adamanteus, 246B
Crotalus atrox 140F
Croton tiglium, S-22
Crotonase, 440T, 787F, 787
Cruciform, 378, 378F
Cryoelectron microscopy, 552, 554B
Crystallin, 189, 190F, S-19
C terminal, 113, 132, 134, 1025
CTP 335, 917, 918, 928
  synthesis of, 916, 917F
Cubic symmetry, 203F
Cumulus oophorus, S-40B
Curare, S-54
C_x type, 1052, 1053F
Cyanide, 601, 699
Cyanobacteria, 24
Cyanocobalamin, 597, 598F
Cyanogen bromide, 135, 136F, 137T
Cyclic ADP-ribose, S-4T
3'-5'-cyclic AMP. See cAMP
Cyclic electron transfer pathway, 722
3'-5'-cyclic GMP. See cGMP
Cyclic iminolactone, 136, 136F
Cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase, 467T
Cyclic phosphonate ester, 457S
Cyclic symmetry, 202, 203F
Cyclic transition state, 457S
Cyclin B, 1003
Cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK), 1003
Cycloheptaamylose, 225, 225S, 225G
Cycloheximide, 1113T, 1114F
Cycloamylose(s), 225
Cyclooxygenase, 831, 834B
Cycloserine, 88S
Cystathionine, 875, S-50T
Cysteic acid, 131
Cysteine, 85S, 493B, 881, 882, 891
  disulfide bonds between, 141, 141F
   pKa value of, 89T
  in proteins, 143T
  reactions of, 95F
  synthesis, 883F
Cysteinyl-tRNA, 1075F
Cystic fibrosis, 412B, 420B, 420
Cytidine, 331, 331F
Cytidine 5'-monophosphate. See CMP
Cytidine nucleotide, 899
Cytidylic acid. See CMP
Cytochalasin B, 298, 300F
Cytochrome, 592, 680, 685, 685F, 944
Cytochrome a, 685, 685F, 686, 690
Cytochrome b, 685, 685F
Cytochrome b/ cytochrome c₁, 724
Cytochrome b₅, 385F, 725, 815
Cytochrome b₅ reductase, 815
Cytochrome b₆, 722, 730
Cytochrome b₆/cytochrome f complex, 719, 722, 724
Cytochrome bc₁ complex, 686
Cytochrome c, 111T, 127T, 143F, 143, 144F, 160, 685F, 688, 688F, 690
Cytochrome c oxidase, 681T, 688, 689F, 690F, 691F
  phylogenetic tree of, 145F
Cytochrome c₁, 185F, 441B, 681T
Cytochrome c₂, 724
Cytochrome f, 718, 722
Cytochrome oxidase, 127T, 430T
Cytochrome P-450, 797, 847
Cytokines, 945B
Cytomegalovirus, 412T, 413
Cytoplasm, 26F
Cytoplasmic membrane, 260
Cytosine 329F, 329, 330, 339, 339T, 361
Cytosine, 976F
  deamination of, 345F, 345
  DNA density and, 374, 375F
Cytoskeleton, 26F, 27, 28T, 29T, 265, 534, 534F, 535, 536F
Cytosol, 25T, 28T, 29T
Cytosolic dyneins, 537, 539F
Cytosolic tyrosine kinases, 467T
Cytotoxic drugs, 307S
 

D gene, 972
D loop, of tRNA, 386, 386F, 387
D receptors, S-60F
Da Vinci, Leonardo, 395, 1128
“Dachshund” gene, S-37B
dADP, 334, 920
DAG, S-4T, S-17, S-19, S-25
Dam, Henrik, 606
dAMP, 334
Dark reactions, 712, 712F
dATP, 334, 358, 358F, 409F, 418F, 420B, 918, 921, 991
Davis, Marguerite, 603B
Dawson, M. H., 951
Dbf4p, 1003, 1004F
DCCD, 700
dCDP, 334, 920, 922F
dCMP, 334, 922F
dCMP deaminase, 922
dCTP, 334, 358, 358F, 409F, 418F, 921, 991
DdeI, 352
Deadenylylation, 863
Death-effector domains, S-26B
Debranching enzyme, 754, 754F, 758
Decamethonium, S-55, S-55S
Decarboxylase, 510T, 594
Decay-accelerating factor, 286F
Decoding center, 1102
Decosanoic acid, 239T
Degenerate oligonucleotides, 408, 408F
Degenerate genetic code, 1071
Dehydratase, 811, 884
Dehydration synthesis, 13F, 221
7-Dehydrocholesterol, 833, 840
Dehydrogenase, 189, 190F, 577, 589
Deisenhofer, Johann, 686, 723
Deletions, 975, 978
Demerol, 698S, 699
Denaturation, 19D, 20F, 371D
  pH extremes in, 372
  thermal, 373D
Dendrites, S-41, S-42F
Dendroaspis polyepsis, S-49B
Denitrifying bacteria, 853
Densitometer, 299F
Deoxy sugars, 219, 219F
Deoxyadenosine, 911, 911F
2'-Deoxyadenosine, 420B
5'-Deoxyadenosylcobalamin, 587T, 597, 793
3-Deoxy-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate, 883
Deoxycholic acid, 255S, 256
2'-Deoxy-5-fluorouridylic acid, 925
Deoxyguanosine, 369F
Deoxyhemoglobin, 485F, 485, 486, 487B, 488, 489, 492F
Deoxynucleoside triphosphate, 358, 900
Deoxynucleoside-5'-triphosphate, 991, 994
Deoxynucleotides, 358
2-Deoxy-D-ribofuranose, 331F
Deoxyribonucleic acid. See DNA
Deoxyribonucleoside, 331
  biosynthesis, 918, 918F
Deoxyribose, 219F, 327, 333, 345
Depolarization, S-43, S-44F
Depression, S-62B
Depsipeptide, 323
Dermatan sulfate, 236S
Dermatitis acrodynia, 597
Desaturase enzymes, 825
Designer enzymes, 457
Desipramine, S-62B, S-63S
Desmolase, 256B, 847
Desmosterol, 840
Desolvation, 505, 506F
Detergents, 262F
Detoxification, 798
Dextran, 153, 222, 230, 230S
Dextrantiose, 225S
Dextrorotary, 211
Dextrorotatorism, 96D, 211
dGDP, 334, 920
dGMP, 334
dGTP, 334, 358, 358F, 409F, 418F, 918, 921, 991
DHAP, 733, 734F, 744F, 745, 944
di Cosimo, Piero, 209
Diabetes, 299, 798
Diabetes mellitus, 207B, 217, 616, 798, 890
Diacylglycerol (DAG), S-131
Diacylglycerol acyltransferase, 821
Diacylglycerol lipase, 242, 777, 821, 822F, 823, 829, S-21
Dialysate, 154, 154F
Dialysis, 154
Dialysis experiment, 154F
Diamagnetic, 487B
Diaminopimelate, 875
Diaminopimelic acid, 279
Diamond-back rattlesnake, 246B
Diastase, 222
Diastereomer, 97B, 213
Dicarboxylic acids, 797, 797F
1, 2-Dichloroethane, configuration of, 119F
Dicumarol, 700
Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), 149, 698, 700
Dicyclohexylurea, 149
Dideoxynucleoside, structure of, 359F
2',3'-Dideoxynucleotide, 358
Dideoxy sequencing, 357, 358, 359F
Dielectric constant, 38
2,4-Dienoyl-CoA reductase, 794, 795F
Dietary fiber, 586
Dietary lipids, 241B
Differential centrifugation, 583F
Digitalis, 306B
Dihedral symmetry, 202, 203F
Dihydroflavin, 591, 592F
Dihydrofolate, 922
Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), 590, 1058, 1058F
Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, 646B, 652, 653T, 667
Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase, 646B, 667
Dihydrolipoyl transsuccinylase, 652, 653T
Dihydroorotase, 657B, 915, 916
Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, 915
Dihydropicolinate, 875
Dihydropyridine, 555
Dihydropyridine (DHP) receptors, 555, 556F
Dihydrouridine, 344F, 344, 387, 387F
Dihydroxy acid dehydratase, 879
Dihydroxyacetone, 210, 210F, 212F, 507, 619, 621F
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), 611F, 612F, 614T, 622B, 634, 636, 636F, 702, 821, 823
a,β-Dihydroxy-isovalerate, 879
a,β-Dihydroxy-β-methylvalerate, 879
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine, S-60
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylglycoldehyde, S-63S
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃, S-38S
Diisopropylfluorophosphate (DIFP), 516, 517F
Dilauroyl phosphatidylcholine, 270T
Dimethlallyl pyrophosphate, 836
Dimethoxytrityl, 383F
Dimethyl sulfate, 360, 360F
Dimethylbenzimidazole, 598F
Dimethylguanosine in tRNA, 387F
2,4-Dinitrophenol, 700
Dinitrogen, 853
Dinoflagellates, 571B
Dinophysistoxin-1, S-23B
Dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine, 270T
Dipalmitoyl phosphatides, 270T
Dipeptide, 110D
  formation of, 108F
DIPF, S-55, S-56S
Diphosphates, 581F
Diphosphatidylglycerol, 675
Diphthamide, 1115, 1116F, 1119
Diphtheria toxin, 121T, 125, 1113T, 1115, 1116F, 1119
Diploid organisms, 953
Dipole moment, 166, 166F
Dipole(s), 16
Dipole-dipole interactions, 15
Dipole-induced dipole interactions, 15, 160
Directional character, 551
Directional cloning, 401, 401F
Directionality of biomolecules, 13F
Disaccharides, 210, 221
Discodermia calyx, S-23B
Discriminator base, 1079
Disordered segments, 182
Dispersive model (of DNA replication), 986, 986F
Dissociation constant, 495
Dissociation (of ions in solution), 44, 45, 64
Distal enhancer elements, 1026
Distearoyl phosphatidylcholine, 270T
Distortion energy, 506
Distribution coefficient, 154
Disulfide bond, 204, 204F, 172
Disulfide bridges, 115F, 131, 131F
Disulfide-rich proteins, 189, 190
Diterpene, 251, 252S
5,5'-Dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid), 95F
DNA, 5, 6F, 327, 328, 328F, 336, 336F, 337, 342F, 950, 1015F, 1020, 1021
  chips, 406B
  double helix, 338, 339, 363F, 364, 365, 368T, 370
  footprinting, 1017, 1018B
  glycosylase, 1011
  gyrase, 376F, 377, 1002F, 988, 996, 997F, 998T, 1012
  helicase, 1006F
  hybridization probe, 407F, 407
  hydrolysis, 346F, 347
  lac repressor and, 1033
  ladder, 363F
  libraries of, 405
  propeller twist, 365F, 365
  rearrangement, 971
  relaxed, 375D
  repair, 1009
  replication, 984, 985D. See also Replication
  sequencing, 337, 359F
  size of, 341
  strand exchange reaction in, 963, 965F
  supercoils, 375, 375F
  synthesis of, 918
  synthetic mimics of, 347B
  synthesizers, 383
  thermal denaturation of, 371
DNA ligase, 398F, 399F, 399, 400F, 401F, 996, 997, 997F, 998T
  looping of, 1047F
DNA polymerase, 188B, 357, 357F, 358F, 358, 359F, 430T, 988, 989, 989F, 990, 991T, 992F, 993F, 996, 997F, 1000, 1002F, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1006F, 1011, 1012, 1015
  bacteriophage, T7, 358
  eukaryotic, 1004, 1005T
  in PCR, 417
  looping of, 1046, 1047F
  regulatory proteins, 1047
  reverse transcriptase and, 1008
DNA: RNA hybrids, 367
DnaA, 998T, 998
DnaB helicase, 1001
DNA-binding domain, 1042
DnaB protein, 998, 998T, 1001B
DnaC, 998T, 1000
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, 1015
DnaK, 1117
DNase I, 348, 349T, 1017, 1018B
DNase II, 348, 349T
DnaT, 998T
dNTP, 358
Docking protein, 1121
Dodecadepsipeptide, 323
Dodecanoic acid, 239T
Dodecyl ocatoxyethylene ether, 262F
Dodson, G, 207B
“Dolly” (cloning), 982
Dopa decarboxylase, 1188
Dopamine, S-50T, S-59, S-61F, S-62B
Dopamine receptors, S-61
Double-displacement reactions, 449, 450F, 452
Doubly wound parallel beta sheet, 186, 187F
Downing, Kenneth, 534
Dragline silk, 175B
Drosophila, 412B, 412T, 416F
  chromatin of, 379F
Drug resistance, 308
Drug resistant markers, 403
dTDP, 334
dTMP, 334, 922F
DTNB, 95F
dTTP, 334, 358, 358F, 409F, 418F, 918, 921, 922, 991
d-Tubocurarine, S-54
Du Vigneaud, 149, 601
Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene, 412B, 548B
dUDP, 334, 920
dUMP, 334
“Dunce” gene, S-57B
Duodenum, 777, 778F
Durrance, Dick, 852
dUTP, 334
Dyads, 559
Dynamite, 234B
Dynein, 121T, 124
Dynein molecules, 536, 536F, 537F
Dystrophin, 548F, 548B, 549B
 

E module, 196F
E site, 1103
E. coli, 9T, 16S, 24F, 313, 313T, 315, 338, 341F, 341, 375F, 412T
  c_ot curve of DNA, 374, 374F
  melting curve of DNA, 372
  nucleotide pairs in DNA, 373
  plasmids of, 396
  restriction endonuclease of, 351
  rRNA of, 389, 390, 390F, 391F
E1A, 1050T
E₃, 1123
Early genes, 422F
Ebashi, Setsuro, 557
Eccles, J. C., S-44
EcoRI, 351, 352, 353, 398F, 399,
  linker, 400F
Edidin, M. 265
Edman degradation, 133, 140F
  CNBr cleavage, 140F
Edman’s reagent, 133, 133F
EDTA, 620
  in denaturation, 372F
E-F hand structure, 182F, S-18, S-19, S-20F
EF1, 1112
EF2, 1112, 1115, 1119
Effector loop, 1137
Effector molecules, 363
EFG, 1112, 1115
EF-Ts, 1099T
EF-Tu, 1099, 1099T, 1100, 1105
Egg phosphatidylcholine, 270T
Egg white injury, 601
Eglin C, 515
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 178B
Ehrlich ascites cells, 311T
Eicosanoids, 240, 819, 829, 830
eIF, 1109, 1110, 1111F, 1111T, 1112, 1112F
Eijkman, Christiaan, 588B
Einstein, 726D
Eisley, Loren, 34
ELAM-1, 196F
Elastase, 135, 147, 194B, 464T, 510T, 514, 515F, 515, 515F
Elastic protein, 546
Elastin, 121T, 124, 194B
Electrical potential, 154, 297, 298F, 692
Electrical synapses, S-50
Electroblotting, 410
Electrochemical gradient, 693F
Electrochemical potential, 297, 693
Electrogenic transport, 301
Electrolyte, 44D
Electron carriers, 588
Electron pair sharing, 7, 7T
Electron transfer flavoprotein, 784
Electron transport chain, 674, 679, 679F, 680F
  protein complexes in, 679F, 680F, 681, 683F, 687, 688
Electron transport pathway, 640, 640F, 692F, 673, 702, 722, 928
Electrophoresis, 128, 154, 353, 354F, 358
  diagonal, 141F
  polyacrylamide gel and, 357
  in southern blotting, 410B, 411F
  2-D gel and, 155, 156F, 412
Electrophoretogram, 359F
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), 137T, 138F, 138, 139F
Electrostatic bonds, 159
Electrostatic interactions, 160F, 160, 505, _506
Ellman’s reagent, 95F
Elongation, 1000, 1020, 1094
  cycle of, 1099
  factors in, 1099, 1099T, 1100, 1103, _1104B
  peptide chain in, 1099, 1100F, 1112
Elution, 153F, 154
Elvehjem, 590B
Embden, G., 610
Embden-Meyerhof pathway, 610
EMBL (European Molecular Biology Laboratory), 142
Emerson enhancement effect, 717
Emphysema, 194B
Enantiomers, 96D, 213, 213F
Endergonic process, 62
Endoamylase, 229
Endocytosis, 288
Endoglycosidase, 753
Endonucleases, 348, 349T
Endopeptidase(s), 135F
Endopeptidase Lys-C, 135
  cleavage, 140F
Endoperoxide synthase, 831F, 834B
Endoplasmic reticulum, 26F, 27, 27F, 28T, 29T, 267, 582, 748
Endorphin(s), S-28, S-50T, S-60
Endosymbionts, 571B
Endothelial relaxing factor, ERF, 493B
Endothelins, S-60
Endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), 493B
Endotoxins, 283B
d-Endotoxins, 275B, 316, 317G
Enediolate, 508F
Energy charge, 938, 938F
Energy diagram, 433F
Energy flow, in biosphere, 571T
Energy of activation, 501F
Enzyme-substrate complex, 501, 504F
Energy transduction, 578, 716
Engelhardt, 693
Enhancers, eukaryotic, 1026, 1027, 1044, 1045F
Enkephalins, S-50T, S-60
Enolase, 614T, 623, 628F, 628
Enol phosphate, 66, 76
Enol-1-(o-carboxylphenylamino)-1-deoxyribulose-5-phosphate, 887
3-Enolpyruvylshikimate-5-phosphate synthase, 888B
Enoyl-ACP reductase, 811
Enoyl-CoA, 787, 787F, 794, 795F
Enthalpy, 58D, 192B, 506F
Entropy, 60D, 192B, 505, 505F
N-ethylmaleimide, 95F
env, 421F
Enzymatic activity, pH and, 50F, 442, 442F, 443F
Enzyme(s), 21D, 120D, 120F, 426, 460, 500, 580
  activity of, 462
  catalytic power of, 427
  of glycolysis, 427F
  inhibition of, 443
  kinetics of, 426, 431
  mechanisms of, 513F
  nomenclature, 428
  rate enhancement by, 502B
  reactivity, 462
  regulation by, 427, 469, 938, 939F
  restriction. See Restriction enzymes
  specificity of, 427
  units, 438
Enzyme cascade, 478, 478F
Enzyme-catalyzed reactions, 503T
Enzyme cofactors. See Cofactors
Enzyme-inhibitor dissociation constant, 445B
Epichlorohydrin, 230S, 230
Epidermal growth factor (EGF), 283, 292, 467T, S-24
Epimers, 213
Epinephrine, 87, 88S, 560, 561B, 758, 760, 761S, 829, 942, 946, S-1, S-2, S-5, S-10, S-50T, S-59, S-61F
Episomes, 956, 967
Epstein-Barr virus, 413
Equilibrium, 60D, 933, 934B
Equilibrium constant, 495, 934B, 936
Equilibrium potential, S-42
Equilibrium ratio, 934B
Equatorial, 217
Ergocalciferol, 604, 605S
Ergosterol, 604, 605S
Erythrocyes, anion transporter, 300
Erythrocytes, 266, 489
  bovine, 170
  glucose transport of, 298
  in sickle-cell anemia, 492
Erythromycin, 1113T, 1114F
Erythrose, 211F
Erythrose-4-phosphate, 734F, 763F, 767F, 768F, 883
Erythrose 4-phosphate family of amino acids, 867T
Erythrulose, 212F
Escherichia coli. See E. coli
E-selectins, 283B
Essential amino acids, 584, 866, 867T
Essential fatty acid, 585
Essential light chain, 544
Ester bonds, 323
Esterases, 510T
Estradiol, 255S, 833, 849
Estrogen, 255, 849, S-38F
Estrogen receptor, 1053F, 1054F
Ethanol, 512F, 579, 656B
  metabolism of, 946
  in yeast, 611F
Ethanolamine, 248, 276, 324, 821
Ether glycerophospholipids, 247, 247S
Ethidium bromide, 370, 371F, 410B
Ethyl alcohol, dielectric constant of, 38T
N-ethylmaleimide, 95F
Eu-actinin, 547T
Eubacteria, 23
Eudesmol, 252S
Euglena, 872
Eukaryotic cells, 23D, 25, 342F
Eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs), 1109, 1111T
Evan, Herbert, 606B
Evolved coupling stoichiometry, 931
Excision repair, 1011, 1011F
Excitable cells, S-41
Exciton, 714, 715F
Exercise, 759
Exergonic process, 62
Exit site, 1095, 1095F
Exoamylase, 229
Exoglycosidase, 754
Exons, 343D, 1057, 1057F, 1058F, 1058, 1060, 1062F, 1065
Exonuclease, 992, 348, 349T
3'-exonuclease, 993, 993F
5'-exonuclease, 993, 1109
Exotic proteins, 121T, 125
ExPASy Molecular Biology World Wide Web Server, 155
Exploitive proteins, 121T, 125D
Expression cassette, 420
Expression vectors, 413, 413F, 414F
Extended ribbon, 231
Exterminator proteins, 275B
Extra loop, of tRNA, 387
Extracellular matrix, 28T, 124, 284
Extrinsic pathway, 465, 465F
Extrinsic proteins, 263
 

F, 313T
F factor, 955, 956F
F pili, 955
F protein, 546, 547T
F1 module, 196F
F-ATPase, 305T, 694, 695F, 695T
F module(s), 196F
Facilitated, diffusion, 297, 298F, 298, 299T
F-actin, 543
Facultative anaerobes, 570
FAD, 430T, 587T, 590, 590S, 592F, 644, 646B, 654, 679F, 680, 680F, 683, 787, 796, 838, 854, 861, 915, 931
FADD, S-26B
Fad diets, 585B
FADH₂, 641, 704, 789, 929, 933
Familial hypercholesterolemia, 845
Faraday’s constant, 71, 297, 675
Farnesylation, 276, 277F, 278B
Farnesyl pyrophosphate, 836
Farnesyl transferase, 278B
Fas ligand, S-26B
FAS, 784
Fasman, Gerald, 197
Fast skeletal muscle troponin T gene, 1065, 1065F
Fast twitch skeletal muscle, 540
Fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS), 137T
Fasting state, 753
Fat, 776T
  burning of, 945B
  in the diet, 585B
Fatal familial insomnia, 979B
Fatty acid(s), 239, 239T, 240F, 775, 777F, 797F, 942, 944
  biosynthesis of, 802, 816
  catabolism of, 775
  degradation of, 780F, 794, 795F, 802
  elongation of, 813, 814F
  composition of, 241B
  heart’s use of, 944
  oxidation of, 936F
  synthase, 803, 804F, 808, 812F
  synthesis of, 811, 811F, 818F, 819F, 936F
  thiokinase, 781
  turnover of, 946
Fatty acyl-CoA, 816
Feedback regulation, 468, 862
Fehling’s solution, 271
FeMo-cofactor, 856
Fe-protein, 856
Fermentation, 631
Ferredoxin, 182
Ferredoxin-NADP⁺ reductase, 719, 722
Ferricyanide, 717
Ferritin, 121T 123, 126, 127T
Ferrodoxin, 189, 191F
Feynman, Richard, 158
FGAM synthetase, 904
FGAR amidotransferase, 904
Fiber, 586
Fiber bundles, 541
Fibril(s), 176, 177
Fibrillation, of the heart, 306B
Fibrin, 466
Fibrinogen, 121T, 125, 466
Fibroblasts, 289
Fibroin, 121T, 124, 173, 174F
Fibronectin, 3, 126, 127T, 290, 291F, 549
Fibronectin type I module, 195F, 196F
Fibrous proteins, 172
Field, Stanley, 417B
First law of thermodynamics, 57
First-order reaction, 432, 432F
Fischer projection (of amino acids), 96F, 211, 213F, 213, 214F
Fischer, Edmond, 363
Fischer, Emil, 97B, 461
Flagella, 25, 27, 534, 534F, 535
Flavin, 127, 590, 591S, 678
Flavin adenine dinucleotide. See FAD
Flavin coenzymes, 218, 590
Flavin mononucleotide. See FMN
Flavodoxin, 180F, 181, 187F
Flavoenzymes, 591
Flavoprotein, 2, 679, 680, 680F, 681, 683
Flavoprotein reductase, 793
Fleming, Alexander, 526
Flexible rod conformation, 287
Flippase, 268, 268F
Fluid mosaic model, 263, 264F
Fluorescein, 265
Fluorescence, 714, 715F
Fluorescence spectroscopy, 182
Fluorescent labeling, 363F
Fluorine, 924B
Fluoro compounds, 650, 650F, 924B
5-Fluorocytosine, 924B, 925, 925S
5-Fluoroorotate, 925F
Fluorophosphate, 629
5-Fluorouracil, 924B, 925, 925S
Flurbiprofen, 834B
f-Met-tRNA_f^Met, 1095, 1097
FMN, 587T, 590, 590S, 592F, 679F, 680, 680F, 681, 861, 915
FnuDII, 352
Folding, of proteins, 183, 192B
Folding pathways, 197
Folic acid, 587T, 601, 602T, 883, 905, 922, 923F
Folin-Ciocalteau, 129B
Folkers, Karl, 838B
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), S-27T
Foot structure (of muscle), 541, 555, 556F, 557, 557F, 559F
Forces, van der Waals, 15
Formaldehyde, 602T
Formamide, 372
Formate, 602T
Formic acid, pKa, 47T
N-formylaminoimidazole-4-carboxamide _ribonucleotide (FAICAR), 904
a-N-formylglycinamide ribonucleotide (FGAR), 904
Formylglycinamidine mononucleotide (FGAM), 904
Formylmethionylsulfone methyl phosphate, 267
Formylphenylalanine methyl ester, 516S, 516
Förster resonance energy transfer, 716
Fos family of gene-regulatory proteins, 122, 1054, 1056, S-39
Foxglove, 306B
Fractional saturation (of myoglobin), 495
Fractionation of a cell extract, 583F
Fraenkel-Conrat, 978
Fragile X-linked mental retardation gene, 412B
Frameshift mutations, 978
Franklin, Rosalind, 340
Free energy, 61D, 297
  of activation, 433, 433F
  change of, 932
  difference of, 692, 727
  of hydration, 323
  of hydrolysis, 67T
Freezing point 35, 41
Frictional coefficient, 157
Frictional drag, 154, 157
Fructose hydrate, 224B
Fructofuranose, 214, 214F, 224S
Fructokinase, 634
Fructopyranose, 224S
Fructose, 212F, 213F, 214F, 221, 223, 224B, 227, 314T
  in glycolysis, 633F, 633
Fructose bisphosphatase, 734F, 735T
Fructose bisphosphate aldolase, 612F, 614T, 619, 622B
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, 736, 744F, 745, 748F, 750, 752, 752F, 753
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, 219S, 508F, 611F, 612F, 614T, 617, 618F, 619, 620, 622B, 734F, 744F, 745, 935, 935F, 939
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase reaction, 620F, 621F
Fructose-1-P, 69T
Fructose-1-phosphate aldolase, 634
Fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase, 619, 619F, 747, 751, 751S, 752F, 753F, 753
Fructose-6-phosphate, 611F, 612F, 614T, 617, 617G, 618F, 634, 734F, 744F, 745, 752, 763F, 767F, 768F, 769F, 769, 935, 935F, 939
Frye, L. 265
Frye-Edidin experiment, 265, 265F
Fucose, 219
Fugu, S-48B
Fumarase, 440T, 643F, 648T, 654, 654F, 655F, 670
Fumarate, 446S, 641, 641S, 642F, 643F, 648T, 654F, 654, 655F, 669F, 676, 683, 871F, 890, 897, 905
4-Fumarylacetoacetate, 897
Functional genomics, 412B
Functional homology, 185
Funk, Casimir, 588
Furan, 214, 214F
Furanose, 214, 215F, 216, 330
Fusidic acid, 1113T, 1114F
Fusion protein, 414, 415T
Futile cycles, 752
 

G (elongation factor), 1099T
G module, 196F
  effects of, S-6
G protein(s), 275, 479, 479F, S-5, S-5F, S-6F, S-7T, S-10, S-10B
G protein-coupled receptors, 467T
GABA, 87, 88S, S-41, S-41F, S-50T, S-59, S-59F
gag, 421F
gag proteins, 275
gal operon, 1034
GAL4 protein, 417B
Galactokinase, 634
Galactosamine, 220, 220S, 227
Galactose, 211F, 213, 221, 223, 227, 284, 287S, 288, 289S, 314T, 634, 635F
  in agarose, 234
  in glycolysis, 633F
D-Galactose, 281
Galactose-1-phosphate, 635, 635F
Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, 634, 635F
Galactosemia, 634
β-Galactosidase, 415, 415T
β-Galactoside, 413, 415F
Galactosyl transferase, 177F
Galactosylceramide, 828F, 829
Galacturonans, 227
Gangliosides, 250, 250S, 828F, 829
Gap junctions, 319F, 319
GAPs, S-10B
GAR synthetase, 902
GAR transformylase, 904
gastric juice, pH of, 44T
Gastrin, S-27T, S-28, S-28F, S-50T
GC box, 1043, 1046
GCN4 leucine/isoleucine mutant, 188
GDP, 479, 479F, 918, 920, 921, 928
GDPCP, 1099S
Gel electrophoresis, 140
GenBank (Genetic Sequence Data Bank), 142
Gene replacement therapy, 420, 911
Gene(s), 580, 951
  chemical synthesis of, 385, 385F
  DNA libraries of, 405
  eukaryotic, 1057, 1057F
  expression of, 122, 862, 1035, 1036F
  reorganization of, 971
  superfamily of, S-37
  transcription of, S-34F
  whimsical names for, S-37B
General acid-base catalysis, 511, 511F
General recombination, 958
General transcription factors, 1026, 1027F
Genetic code, 1069, 1070F, 1073T
  filter-binding assay and, 1072
  natural variations in, 1074B
Genetic engineering, 396
Genetic map, 958F
Genetic recombination, 955, 958
Genome sequencing, 23
Genomic libraries, 405, 407, 407F
Genotype, 953
Genova abnormal hemoglobin, 148T
Geraniol, 252S
Geranyl pyrophosphate, 836
Geranylgeranyl group, 276, 277F
Gerbil, 790F
Germline genes, 971, 972F
Geron corporation, 382B
Gerstmann-Sträussler-Sheinker syndrome, 979B
GFP, 92F
G_Georgia, abnormal hemoglobin, 148T
G_i, S-6, S-7T, S-8
Gibberelic acid, 252S
Gibbs free energy, 61D, 191, 192B
Gibbs, J. Willard, 61
Gilber, W., 357
Gilman, Alfred, S-5, S-7
Glial cells, S-41
β-Globin gene, 122
Globular proteins, 172, 179F, 182, 183, 184
γ-Globulin, 111T, 127T
Glucagon, 630, 758, 760, 760F, 761S, 777, 817, 946, S-2, S-3, S-27T
Glucans, 227
Glucaric acid, 217, 218F
Glucitol, 218F
Glucocorticoid(s), 255, 256, 758, 761, 849, _S-37
  response element (GRE) and, 1045, 1046, 1046T
Glucogenic, 584, 890
Glucokinase, 613, 614T, 615, 745, 760, 945
Gluconeogenesis, 576, 630, 633, 662, 742, 744F, 750, 751, 751F, 759, 936
Gluconic acid, 217, 218F
Gluconolactonase reaction, 764F, 764
Gluconolactone, 764, 764F
Glucopuranose, 223
Glucopyran, 227
Glucopyranose, 214
Glucopyranosyl, 223
Glucosamine, 220S, 220, 227, 277F, 279
Glucose hydrate, 224B
Glucose oxidase, 224B
Glucose oxidation, 937F
Glucose phosphate isomerase, 616, 617F
Glucose transporter, 121T, 122, 298, 300F
Glucose, 9T, 211F, 213, 215F, 216, 218F, 221, 223, 227, 282, 299T, 314T, 426, 462F, 579, 657B, 659, 742, 744F, 748, 755, 759, 761, 771, 776T, 799, 932, 941, 942, 944, 945
  in Calvin-Benson cycle, 732
  in cellulose, 231, 231S
  combustion of, 20F
  configuration of, 97B
  in glycolysis, 610, 611F, 612F, 613, 614T
  heart’s use of, 944
  in honey, 224B
  oxidation of, 427F
  phosphorylation of, 614, 615F
  synthesis of, 630
Glucose-6-phosphatase, 734F, 735T, 744F, 745, 748, 749F, 750, 750B
Glucose-1-phosphate, 69T, 219S, 473, 474F, 750B, 756
Glucose-6-phosphate, 69T, 475, 611F, 612F, 614T, 614, 615, 615F, 616F, 617F, 634, 635F, 744F, 745, 750B, 762, 763F, 769, 770F, 771, 932, 942, 944, 945F
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 762, 764F, 768
Glucosidase, 754
Glucosyl transferase, 177F
Glucuronic acid, 217, 218F, 227, 234
Glue proteins, 121T, 125
Glutamate: aspartate aminotransferase, 453, 453F, 867
Glutamate decarboxylase, S-59, S-59F
Glutamate dehydrogenase, 111T, 438T, 859, 860F, 861F
Glutamate, 160, 197, 311, 657B, 859, 860F, 861F, 861, 867T, 867, 869, 868F, 872, 874, 893, 894F, 943F, S-50T
  as neurotransmitter, S-55
Glutamate receptors, S-57, S-58F
Glutamate synthase, 206
Glutamic acid, 84S, 89T, 135, 137T, 143T
Glutamate-5-semialdehyde, 867, 868F
Glutamine, 84S, 89T, 860, 861F, 862, 867T, 867, 893, 900, 902
  in proteins, 143T
Glutamine phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase, 902
Glutamine synthase, 861F, 862, 863F, 864F, 865, 865F
Glutamine synthetase, 111T, 201T, 859, 860F, 861F, 862F, 888B, 1086, S-56
Glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase, 1080, 1081F
Glutamyl carboxylase, 607
Glutamyl-tRNA synthetase, 1078F
Glutaredoxin, 920
Glutaryl-CoA, 894
Glutathione, 415T, 493B, 920, 920S
Glutathione peroxidase, 430T
Glutathione reductase, 3, 190, 201T
Glycans, 227
Glyceraldehyde, 210, 210F, 211F, 211, 212
D-glyceraldehyde, 96
Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase, 170
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, 206, 619, 620, 621F, 622B, 624F, 624, 656B, 763F, 766F, 767F, 509, 657B, 733, 744F, 745, 763F, 768F, 769
  in glycolysis, 610, 611F, 612F, 614T, 623F
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, 201T, 454, 614T, 623F, 624, 625F, 631, 631F, 656B, 734F, 736, 747
Glycerate, 657B, 737F
Glyceroether mediator, 247B
Glyceroether phospholipids, 823
Glycerokinase, 821
Glycerol kinase, 8, 636, 636F
Glycerol, 218, 218F, 223, 244B, 245S, 246, 462F, 743, 744F, 745, 821
  in glycolysis, 636
Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, 821
Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, 821
Glycerol-3-phosphate, 69T, 636, 702, 821, _944
Glycerol phosphate, 244, 245S, 282, 282S
Glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase, 636, 636F
Glycerol phosphatide, 243
Glycerolipid(s), 245S, 819, 820F, 821, 822F
Glycerophosphate, 888B
a-Glycerophosphate, 657B
Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, 684, 702
Glycerophosphate shuttle, 702, 703F
Glycerophospholipid(s), 243, 244, 245S, 246B, 247, 244F, 819, 823
Glycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase, 902
Glycinate, 88
Glycine, 84S, 89T, 197, 289, 737F, 846, 881, 882, 891, S-50T
  in amide-linked myristoyl anchors, 275
  in beta-turns, 170
  in collagen, 174, 176
  in fibroin proteins, 173, 174F
  as neurotransmitter, S-59, S-59F
  in proteins, 143T
  synthesis of, 882F
Glycine hydrochloride, 88
Glycine oxidase, 882
Glycine receptors, S-60F
Glycocalyx, 286F, 286
Glycocholate, 832, 846
Glycocholic acid, 846, 846F
Glycoconjugates, 209
Glycogen, 228, 229, 742, 753, 753F, 754F, 755, 757, 757F, 758F, 759, 776T, 940
  branching of, 758
  catabolism, 753, 760
  metabolism, 758
Glycogen phosphorylase, 185F, 201T, 229, 503T, 754, 755F, 758, S-2
  allosteric regulation of, 473, 473F, 474F, 475F, 476F, 477F, 478F
Glycogen phosphorylase a, 127T
Glycogen synthase, 755, 757, 757F, 758
Glycogen synthesis, 760
Glycolate, 737F
Glycolate oxygenase, 737F
Glycolipid(s), 209, 267
Glycolysis 20F, 427F, 569, 584F, 609, 609D, 610F, 611F, 612F, 640F, 659, 743, 744F, 745, 761, 804F, 928, 936, 943
  energetic elegance of, 632
  free energy of, 632, 632F
  net yield of ATP from, 705T
  non-glucose substrate of, 633, 633F
  reactions of, 1, 613
  regulation of, 751F
Glycolytic conversion, 944
Glycolytic metabolite, 614T
Glycolytic pathway, 585, 613F
Glycophorin, 266, 266, 271, 284
Glycoprotein(s), 126D, 127T, 284, 286F
Glycoprotein peptidase, 447, 448F
Glycopuranose, 213F
Glycosamineoglycans, 234
Glycoside(s), 221S
Glycoside bond(s), 347, 365, 365F, 331F, 331D, 332F
Glycosphingolipids, S-16, 250
Glycosylation, 287
Glycosylceramides, 828F
Glycosyl phosphatidylinositol anchors, 276
Glyoxylate, 669, 669F, 737F
Glyoxylate cycle, 668, 669F, 670
Glyoxylate pathway, 668
Glyoxysomes, 670, 671F, 796
GMP, 333, 333F, 902, 905
  absorption spectra of, 330F
  synthesis of, 906F
GMP synthetase, 905, 906F
GOGAT, 861, 862F, 862
Goldberger, Joseph, 590B, 597B
Golden plover, 790F
Goldman equation, S-42T
Goldman, D.E., S-43B
Goldman’s equation, S-43B
Goldstein, Joseph, 845
G_olf, S-7T
Golgi apparatus, 28T, 29T, 260G
Golgi body, 26F, 27F
Golgi complex, 582
Golgi system, 267
Gonadotropin, S-50T
Gonyaulax catenella, S-48B
Good buffers, 52F
Good, N. E., 52
Gould, John, 775
Gout, 538B, 912
GPA1, S-7T
G-protein, 276, S-55
G_q, S-71T
Gram negative bacteria, 279, 280S, 281F, _313
Gram positive bacteria, 279, 280S, 281F, 282
Gram stain, 279
Gramicidin, 322S, 324F, 324
Grana, 711, 711F
Granules, storage, of prokaryotic cells, 25T
Gratuitous inducers, S-2
Grb2, 121T, 125F
Greek key motif, 969
Green fluorescent protein, 92F, 416, 416F
Greider, Carol, 382B
Griffith, Frederick, 951, 952F
GroEL, 192
GroES-GroEL complex, 192, 1117, 1118F
Group transfer potential, 70
Group translocation, 312
Growth factor module, 195F, 196F
Growth hormone (GH), 980, S-27T
G_s, S-6, S-7T, S-8F
GTP, 219, 335, 479, 479F, 747, 748, 860, 918, 928, S-4
  hydrolysis of, 1094
  in initiation, 1098
  in peptide chain elongation, 1099, 1112
  in peptide chain terminiation, 1105
  pyruvate dehydrogenase and, 667
  ribosomal functions and, 1105
  synthesis of, 906
  in translocation, 1103
  in the TCA cycle, 653
GTPase, 1133
GTPase-activating protein (GAP), S-8
GTP-binding protein(s), 479, 479F, S-4, S-8, S-14F
Guanidino group, 872
Guanidino phosphate, 66
Guanine, 33F, 329, 329F, 330, 978, 1084
  cleavage at, 360, 360F
  DNA density and, 374, 375F
Guanine deaminase, 911
Guanine exchange factor, 1110
Guanosine, 331, 331F
Guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate. See cGMP
Guanosine 5'-monophosphate. See GMP
Guanylate kinase, 907
Guanylic acid. See GMP
Guanylyl cyclase, S-4T, S-10, S-30, S-30F, S-31, S-32F
5'Guanylylimidodiphosphate (GMP-PNP), S-4, S-4S
Guanylyl transferase, 1059, 1059F
Gulose, 211F
Gun cotton, 234B
Gunsalus, I.C., 603
Guthrie, Woody, S-26B
 

H bonds, 166, 169, 169F, 173
H protein, 546, 547T
H zone, 542F, 542, 550, 551F
H⁺-ATPase, 305T
H⁺, K²⁺-ATPase, 305T, 307, 307F
Hae, 352
Hair, 124
  curling of, 173
Hairpin turns, 386
Hairpin connections (in antiparallel b-strands), 183
Half-cell reaction, 676
Half-time reaction, enzyme kinetics and, _432F
Halichondria okadaii, S-23B
Halobacterium halobium, 266F, 272, 273G, 301, 309, 697
Halobacterium volcanii, rRNA of, 390, 391F
Halophile, 24
Halorhodopsin, 309, 310F, 311F
Hamkalo, Barbara, 1108F
Hanes-Woolf plot, 440, 441F
Hanson, Jean, 550
Haploid organisms, 952
Harley, Calvin B., 1008B
Hatch, M., 738
Hatch-Slack pathway, 738, 739F
Haworth, Norman, 213, 600
Haworth projection, 213F, 214F, 215F
Head, R.R., 786B
Heart, 943
  myocytes in, 559
Heat capacity, 61
Heat of vaporization, 35
Heat shock proteins, 192, 1045, 1046T
Heat shock transcription factor (HSTF), 1045
Heat-stable enterotoxins, S-30
Heavy chain, 544, 544F, 973
“Hedgehog” genes (hh), S-37B
Heilbron, 838B
HeLa cells, 537
Helical wheel presentation, 181, S-20, S-21F
Helicase, 962, 988, 996, 997F, 1023
Helix, 168, 172, 179, 1048
Helix breaking, amino acid behavior and, 168, 168T
Helix capping, 167
Helix-turn-helix (HTH), 1047, 1048F, 1049, 1049F, 1049T
Helling, Robert, 402
Hematin, 481
Heme, 128F, 480, 481F, 482F, 483F, 485, 486F, 487B, 493B, 496, 685, 685S
Hemerythrin, 201, 204, 204F
Hemiacetal, 213, 213F, 214, 216, 221S
Hemicellulose, 586
Hemiketal, 214, 214F, 216, 221S
Hemithioacetal, 510, 624
Hemoglobin, 110, 111T, 111T, 127T, 146F, 146, 186, 121T, 122, 123F, 124, 142, 200, 201T, 480, 480F, 481F, 482, _483F, 484F, 485F, 486F, 487F, 488F, 489F, 490F, 491F, 492F, 493B, 496, 497F
  BPG and, 488, 489F, 490F
  carbon dioxide and, 488, 489F
  evolutionary tree of, 147F
  fetal, 491, 491F
  pathological sequence variants in, 148T, 149
  pH and, 488, 488F
  quaternary structure of, 119F
  salt bridges of, 487F
  in sickle-cell disease, 149
β-Hemoglobin subunit, 165F. See also Hemoglobin
Hemolymph, 223B
a-Hemolysin, 317, 317G
Hemophilia, 982
Hemophilus influenzae, 412T
Hemoproteins, 127D, 127T
Henderson, Richard, 272
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, 46
Heparan sulfate, 291F, 291T, 292
Heparin, 235, 236S, 292, 292S
Hepatic alanine metabolism, 312
Hepatocytes, 311T
HEPES, pKa of, 52F
Heptad repeat, 188B
Heptose, 281
Herbicides, 888B
Hers, Henri-Géry, 751
Hershey and Chase experiment, 953F
Hershey, Alfred, 952, 953F
Heteroduplex DNA, 959, 960F, 961F
Heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA), 342, 1058
Heterologous probes, 408
Heteromultimer, 131D, 200
Heteropolysaccharides, 227
Heterotrophs, 570, 571, 571F, 930
Heterotropic effectors, 471, 471F
Hexadecanoic acid, 239T
Hexane, dielectric constant of, 38T
Hexokinase, 147, 187F, 430T, 438T, 460, 462F, 503T, 612F, 613, 614T, 634, 745, 750, 932, 938, 945
Hexose(s), 210, 460
  in Calvin cycle, 733
  synthesis of, 727
Hexose monophosphate shunt, 762
Hexulose(s), 210, 212F
Heptulose(s), 210
Heywood, John, 775
Hfr cells, 956, 957F
High density lipoproteins (HDL) 127T, 241B, 841, 841T, 843T
High-energy phosphates, 66
High-energy protein conformation, 693
High performance lipid chromatography (HPLC), 140
High potential iron protein, 182, 189, 191F, 191
High-spin state, 487B
Hill, Archibald, 496, 497
Hill coefficient, 484, 496F
Hill equation, 498
Hill plot, 496F, 498F, 498
HincII, 352
HindIII, 401F, 352
“Hiroshima” abnormal hemoglobin, 148T
Hirst, 600
Hirudin, 385F
Histamine, 87, 88S, 273B, 283B, 829, S-50T
Histidine imidazole, pKa, 47T, 51
Histidine, 85S, 160, 515, 888, 890, 893, 894F
  in acid-base catalysis, 511
  biosynthesis of, 889F
  in proteins, 143T
  structure of, 51
Histone, 379, 379F, 341F, 341D, 379T
Histone acetyltransferase (HAT), 1043
Histone deacetylases (HDAC), 1043
Histone H3, 113, 114T
Histone mRNA, 1060
HIV protease, 206
HIV reverse transcriptase, 1009
HIV virus, 275
HIV-1 (AIDS virus), 127T
HIV-1 protease, 520T, 520F, 522, 522F, 523F, 525B
HMG-CoA, 798
HMG-CoA lyase, 798
HMG-CoA reductase, 833, 833F, 834, 835, 836F, 840
HMG-CoA synthase, 833
hnRNA, 1058, 1060, 1061
Hodgkin, Alan, S-44
Hodgkin, Dorothy, 597
Hoffman-LaRoche, 524B
Hogness, David, 1019
Hole regions, 177, 177F
Holley, Robert, 1083
Holliday junction, 960, 961F, 965, 966, _966F
Holliday, Robin, 959
Holoenzyme, 431
Holton, George, 1069
Homeobox domain, 1050, 1050F
Homeostasis, 23D
Homocitrate, 873F, 874
Homocysteine, 87, 88S, 602, 875, 879B
Homocysteine methyltransferase, 879B
Homocysteinuria, 879B
Homodisaccharides, 222
Homogentisate, 897
Homoglycan, 227
Homoisocitrate, 873F, 874
Homologous proteins 142D
Homolytic cleavage, 792
Homomultimer, 110D
Homopolysaccharide, 227
Homoserine, 87, 88S, 303F, 875
Homoserine acyltransferase, 875
Homoserine dehydrogenase, 875
Homoserine kinase, 877
Homoserine lactone, 136, 136F
Homotrophic effector, 475
Honey, 224B
Hopkins, Frederick Gowland, 603B
“Hopscotch” gene, S-37B
Hormonal message, S-2
Hormone(s), 479, 479F, S-1, S-41
  in fatty acid catabolism, 776, 777
  nonsteroidal, S-2F
  polypeptide, S-26, S-27T
Hormone-sensitive lipase, 777
Hpa, 352
HPr, 312
Hsp, 192, 1117, 1117F
HTH, 1050
HU, 998T
Huber, Robert, 723
Human genome project, 412B
Human growth hormone, 980
Human immunodeficiency virus, 978. See also HIV
Human leukocyte associated proteins (HLA), 272
Hummingbird, 790F
Hunchback protein, zinc finger motifs and, 1050T
Huntington’s disease, 412B, S-26B
Huxley, Andrew, 550, S-44
Hyalophora cecropia, 318, 319G
Hyaluronate, 235, 236S, 292, 293S
Hyaluronic acid, 228, 292, 293F
Hyatt, Isaiah, 234B
Hyatt, John, 234B
Hybrid duplexes, 374D
Hybrid ions, 577
Hybrid protein, 414, 415F
Hybridization, of nucleic acid, 374, 410B, 411F
Hydration of ions, 64
Hydration shells, 37, 38F
Hydrazine, in Maxam-Gilbert sequencing, 361, 361F
Hydrindantin, 94F
Hydrogen bond(s), 159, 338, 386, 461. See also H bonds
Hydrogen ion, 42, 42F, 311
Hydrogen ion gradient, 296
Hydrogen peroxide, 283B
Hydrogenase activity, 858
Hydrolase(s), 429T, 1105
Hydrolysis, 347, 348, 429T
Hydronium ions 42, 42F
Hydropathy, 299F, 300F, 301, 302, 304, 305F
Hydrophobic bonds, 159
Hydrophobic core,